{"errCode":0,"errMsg":"success","timeStamp":"1777280527","data":{"trueId":"2003949","title":"“量少量多”间攀登高等教育之高","author":["项聪"],"tags":[],"detail":"\u003cp\u003e专业是学生成长成才的重要载体，一端连着大学的高深知识生产与传播，另一端连着产业与企业对人才的需求。专业建设的内在逻辑在于，如何科学合理地调适学生个人成长、高校知识生产与传播、产业发展需求三者之间的张力。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e微专业的兴起与发展，反映出高校人才培养更加关注学生个人的发展需求、更加关注产业与企业的发展动态，体现了高校教学改革“以学生为中心”的价值取向。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e同时，我们也应当清醒地认识到，受学分所限，微专业“小而精”的背后隐藏着一些不足，需要引起高校充分重视并积极采取措施予以避免。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e一方面，微专业的建设通常要经历专业核心课程“优中选优”的过程。比如，某专业有10门左右的核心课程，我们如何在这些核心课程中再选出“最核心”的几门以构成微专业？这就需要相关学院组织专家进行充分、科学的论证。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e另一方面，在正常情况下，学生在修读专业核心课程之前，需要完成前序课程的学习，否则在学习过程中就会缺乏连续性。当前，不排除会出现某个学生跨专业修读“微专业”，但由于缺乏前序知识储备而导致学习困难甚至学业失败的情况。因此，在理想状态下，高校应该为微专业的课程重新开发设计教学内容，而不是直接“搬用”原先该专业的课程及教学内容。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e未来的世界存在许多不确定性，高校人才培养的核心要义就是要帮助学生掌握应对不确定性的能力。高等教育之所以为“高”，在于它始终以追求高深知识的生产、传播及传承为旨趣。当然，高深知识是一个相对的概念，它是相对普通知识而言的。高深知识区分于普通知识的条件在于两点：一是知识所依赖的基础——“事实”的复杂性，二是证实“事实”的方法复杂性。因此，让学生在大学阶段开展高深知识学习，将有助于提升其识别“事实”或复杂问题的能力、提升其解决复杂问题的能力、培养其刻苦钻研的意志以及不唯上只唯实、勇于追求真善美的素养。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e为引导学生开展高深知识的学习，掌握适应未来不确定性的能力，华南理工大学以专业建设为切入点，打造了一个学习量由少到多的高深知识学习连续体。在学习量少的这一端，采用微专业模式，即瞄准新技术、新产业、新经济，立项建设了人工智能、大数据技术等8个微专业，每个微专业包括4—5门核心课程，学生修满学分且成绩合格即可获得学校授予的微专业合格证书。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e在学习量多的另一端，学校则积极探索“双学位试点项目”，自2021年起实施“软件工程+工商管理”“金融学+计算机科学与技术”“自动化+数学与应用数学”等3个双学位试点项目。每个项目培养方案在课程、考核、实习实践、毕业设计（论文）等培养环节，充分体现并支撑跨学科、复合型、创新型、高质量的人才培养目标，总学分修读要求原则上不超过190学分。学校采取先集中培养后个性化分流的“2+2”双向培养模式，即前面两年为集中培养阶段，在第四学期由学生所在院（系）组织分流。分流按照成绩优先原则，学生依据兴趣与爱好，结合实际情况选择其中一个专业作为主修专业，另一个专业作为辅修专业。学生在第五学期进入主修专业学习。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e在这个高深知识学习连续体的中段，则依次有辅修专业、辅修学士学位项目、普通类专业项目等，为学生提供了多样化、多层次，可以根据自身情况灵活选择的个性化高深知识学习通道。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e此外，推进学科交叉融合培养复合型知识结构，深化产学研合作培养解决复杂问题的能力，实施深度学习培养批判性思维等多种教育教学方式和微专业一样，正成为高校试点的重要方向。量多量少、纵横交织间，高等教育人才培养改革大幕正随着时代号角的吹响徐徐拉开。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e（作者系华南理工大学教务处处长）\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e作者：项聪\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e《中国教育报》2023年04月17日第5版 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