{"errCode":0,"errMsg":"success","timeStamp":"1777722642","data":{"trueId":"6629298651491659925","title":"苏州或存在一个良渚文化早期的中心区","author":["杨民仆"],"tags":[],"detail":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg data-type=\"image_card\" src=\"https://img.hubpd.com/hubpd/spider/full/39e1c0dcb66a0894997162308384cf79922619ec.jpg\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e近日，“纪念草鞋山遗址考古发掘50周年”学术研讨会在苏州举行，来自全国的四十多位考古专家、学者通过主旨演讲、交流发言进一步挖掘草鞋山遗址的考古成果和文化价值，中国社会科学院学部委员、历史学部主任，中国考古学会理事长王巍提出，苏州地区可能存在一个良渚文化早期的中心区。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e良渚文化，是距今5300—4300年前后的新石器时代晚期文化，因1936年首先发现于浙江良渚而命名。2007年起，发掘出良渚古城城郭，被誉为“中华第一城”，2019年，良渚古城遗址申遗成功，标志着中华五千年文明史得到国际社会认可。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e王巍提出的苏州地区可能存在一个良渚文化早期的中心区，得到了不少学者的认同。王巍列举了苏州几处有代表性的早期良渚文化遗址。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e苏州吴中张陵山遗址是良渚文化早期重要遗址。考古工作者清理出早期良渚文化墓葬6座，出土了璜、琮、瑗、镯等精美玉饰品，具有良渚文化早期的特色，其中一件玉镯非常独特，外壁雕刻有兽面纹饰。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e良渚文化玉器处于史前文化玉器发展的巅峰期，兽面纹则是良渚玉器最主要的纹饰主题，很可能与良渚文明的早期信仰有关。经王巍考证，张陵山遗址发现这件玉镯，应当是良渚文化兽面纹玉琮的前身，可见张陵山遗址和良渚古城有很深的渊源。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e良渚古城出土的最负盛名的玉琮，是浙江余杭反山12号墓发现的，体量硕大，被称为良渚“玉琮王”。但是良渚时期最早的玉琮并不是在良渚古城发现的，而是通过考古发掘出土于苏州草鞋山198墓，因此被誉为“中华第一玉琮”。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg data-type=\"image_card\" src=\"https://img.hubpd.com/hubpd/spider/full/fed142e9430802b2f5b34c3b8a81e9c7f0de9a53.jpg\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e在王巍看来，此件玉琮的发现改变了学术界的观点。原来距今4500年前甚至更早一点，长江下游地区就能制作这么精致的玉器了，而不是春秋战国时期甚至是汉代时期。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e草鞋山198墓也是最早发现的良渚文化大墓，规模大，随葬品丰富，出土精致的玉器，墓主可能是草鞋山一带“早期国家”的统治者。“草鞋山遗址的发掘，让我们意识到良渚已经出现了明显的贫富贵贱分化，考古学界开始注重通过良渚的研究、良渚遗存的研究，研究长江下游地区的文明进程。所以我觉得草鞋山的发掘，在中国考古史上，在研究文明起源的历程当中，具有划时代的意义。”王巍说。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg data-type=\"image_card\" src=\"https://img.hubpd.com/hubpd/spider/full/2f344a5f920223d41786405829bafbcb4ac1e467.jpg\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e进入文明阶段以后，良渚文化出现了暴力导致非正常死亡的现象。苏州昆山赵陵山遗址不仅发掘出新石器时代墓葬90座，清理出良渚文物600余件，包括玉琮、玉璧等，更重要的是，发现多件制作精良的武器，土台外围出现了一大批无墓坑和葬具的“殉人墓葬”，均是青少年男性。如此大规模的集体杀殉现象在良渚考古中尚属首次发现，表明当时的阶级分化已相当严重。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e怎样判断是否进入了文明社会？文明探源工程提出了一些重要标准：生产发展，人口增加，出现城市；社会分工和社会分化不断加剧，出现阶级；权力不断强化，出现王权和国家。暴力和战争已成为普遍的社会现象，而国家的出现则是进入文明社会的最主要标志。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e从苏州地区挖掘的良渚古墓以及出土的文物来看，苏州地区已步入文明时代，可能存在一个良渚文化早期的中心区。比如史前文化的发展，包括农业的发展、手工业的进步、社会贫富、贵贱的分化，在草鞋山都能得到反映。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e“这一区域遗址出土的崧泽中期至良渚早期墓葬，不论是规模、密度、出土文物还是等级，在同类墓葬中都极为罕见，所以苏州应当是良渚文化早期的中心。”苏州市考古研究所原所长张照根表示。\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e良渚文化为什么会在苏州形成早期中心区？张照根认为和区位优势有重要关系：“苏州处在长江三角洲的冲积平原，良田沃野，是典型的江南水乡。这与世界许多早期文明都产生在大江大河下游一样，这里适合农业生产，很适宜人类的生产与生活。”\u003cbr/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg data-type=\"image_card\" src=\"https://img.hubpd.com/hubpd/spider/full/f5d0128b818d92ddb7047bf80bd283712f613975.jpg\"/\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e根据张照根推测，苏州澄湖、独墅湖、东湖林语小区之间的大块区域，可能是良渚文化早期的都城，规模与杭州良渚古城遗址相当，功能、布局也非常类似，存在的时间为距今5400年—4800年前。在都城周边，有着大量的古稻田遗址，在沿吴淞江两岸，分布有草鞋山、琼姬墩、绰墩山、赵陵山、少卿山、张陵山等多个墓葬遗址，规模宏大，这些墓地曾经是40至50万平方米以上的大型聚落。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e有一种猜测：大概距今6000年前左右，多支部落来到太湖平原，开始拓荒生产，逐渐产生了良渚文化中心聚落。后来由于太湖冲积平原不断沉降，导致内涝严重，大约距今4800年前，古良渚人开始迁移，最终到达了今浙江余杭一带。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e新华日报·交汇点记者 杨民仆\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e编辑: 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